Sesamin and sesamol: The powerful antioxidants in sesame oil for better health and wellness

Sesame oil, revered in traditional medicine and culinary applications, owes much of its exceptional health benefits to two bioactive compounds: sesamin and sesamol. These naturally occurring antioxidants exhibit significant biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. In this article, we delve into the detailed biochemical and physiological roles of sesamin and sesamol, supported by scientific research.

Biochemical properties of sesamin and sesamol

Sesamin: A potent lignan

Sesamin is a lignan—a class of polyphenolic compounds known for their ability to modulate oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Structurally, sesamin contains two phenylpropanoid units linked via a dibenzylbutane skeleton. This structure is integral to its antioxidant capacity, as it allows sesamin to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).

Sesamol: A phenolic antioxidant

Sesamol, a derivative of sesamin, is a phenolic compound characterized by a benzodioxol structure. This configuration is responsible for its high oxidative stability and ability to chelate metal ions, which prevents the formation of free radicals. Sesamol also exhibits UV-absorbing properties, making it a natural photoprotective agent.

Mechanisms of action of sesamin and sesamol

Antioxidant activity

Both sesamin and sesamol function as antioxidants through multiple pathways:

1. Free radical scavenging: These compounds neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids.
2. Lipid peroxidation inhibition: Sesamin and sesamol protect cell membranes by preventing the oxidative degradation of lipids.
3. Enhancement of antioxidant enzymes: Sesamin upregulates the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes, thereby bolstering the body’s intrinsic defence mechanisms.

Anti-inflammatory effects

Chronic inflammation is a precursor to several degenerative diseases. Sesamin inhibits the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a protein complex that regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Sesamol complements this by downregulating COX-2 and iNOS, enzymes that mediate inflammation.

Lipid metabolism regulation

Sesamin has been shown to inhibit the activity of Δ5-desaturase and Δ6-desaturase, key enzymes in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid, a precursor to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. This action reduces overall systemic inflammation and supports cardiovascular health.

Health benefits of sesamin and sesamol

1. Cardiovascular health: Sesamin and sesamol contribute to heart health by:

• Lowering LDL cholesterol: Sesamin inhibits the absorption of dietary cholesterol by modulating intestinal sterol transporters.
• Improving HDL cholesterol: Studies suggest that sesamin enhances reverse cholesterol transport, promoting the clearance of excess cholesterol.
• Preventing atherosclerosis: The anti-inflammatory effects of sesamin reduce arterial plaque formation.

2. Neuroprotective effects: Sesamol exhibits neuroprotective properties by crossing the blood-brain barrier and reducing oxidative stress in neuronal cells. Research published in Neurochemical Research has shown that sesamol mitigates neuroinflammation, potentially lowering the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

3. Hepatoprotective properties: Sesamin protects liver cells by enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing lipid accumulation. A study in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry demonstrated that sesamin improves hepatic detoxification pathways, aiding in the elimination of xenobiotics.

4. Anticancer potential: Preclinical studies indicate that sesamin and sesamol exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties by:

• Inducing apoptosis: Sesamin triggers programmed cell death in cancer cells via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
• Inhibiting angiogenesis: Sesamol prevents tumour growth by disrupting the formation of new blood vessels essential for tumour survival.
• Blocking cell proliferation: Both compounds interfere with cell cycle progression in cancer cells.

Male wellness and sesame oil

Recent research highlights the specific benefits of sesame oil for male wellness. Sesamin and sesamol improve testosterone levels by reducing oxidative damage to Leydig cells, which are crucial for testosterone synthesis. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds support prostate health by mitigating oxidative stress in prostate tissues. The inclusion of sesame oil in a balanced diet may also improve sperm quality and motility, enhancing fertility outcomes.

Clinical research and evidence

Human trials

1. Blood pressure regulation: A randomized controlled trial published in the Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that daily consumption of sesame oil significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
2. Cholesterol management: A study in Lipids reported that participants who consumed sesame oil for 60 days showed a 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels.

Preclinical studies

• Antioxidant capacity: Animal models demonstrated a 30% reduction in oxidative stress markers following sesamin supplementation.
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Rodent studies showed a significant decrease in TNF-α levels after sesamol administration.

Applications in daily life

Culinary use

Sesame oil is a versatile ingredient suitable for cooking, salad dressings, and marinades. Cold-pressed sesame oil retains the highest concentration of sesamin and sesamol.

Therapeutic use

Topical application of sesame oil can improve skin hydration, reduce UV-induced damage, and enhance wound healing. Oil pulling with sesame oil also supports oral health by reducing bacterial load.

Optimizing sesame oil usage

To maximize the benefits of sesamin and sesamol:

• Choose cold-pressed sesame oil to ensure the highest antioxidant content.
• Store the oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidative degradation.
• Use within six months of opening for optimal freshness and efficacy.

Conclusion: Sesamin and sesamol

Sesamin and sesamol are more than just antioxidants; they are multifunctional bioactive compounds that play a critical role in human health. From reducing inflammation to supporting cardiovascular and neuroprotective functions, these compounds make sesame oil a valuable addition to any diet. By incorporating sesame oil into your routine, you can harness its full potential for better health and wellness.

Image Courtesy: ACCENTERRA

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